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Violence Against Women, Vol. 14, No. 2, 158-184 (2008)
DOI: 10.1177/1077801207312397

Resistance Among Domestic Violence Offenders

Measurement Development and Initial Validation

Deborah A. Levesque

Pro-Change Behavior Systems, Inc.

Wayne F. Velicer

University of Rhode Island

Patricia H. Castle

Pro-Change Behavior Systems, Inc.

R. Neil Greene

Pro-Change Behavior Systems, Inc.

Batterers' resistance to traditional intervention programs has been well documented. Within a Transtheoretical Model of Change (stage of change) framework, a measure of processes of resistance was developed and administered to 346 adult male domestic violence offenders in treatment. The study yielded a 38-item measure that assesses eight dimensions of resistance: (a) System Blaming, (b) Problems with Partner, (c) Problems with Alliance, (d) Social Justification, (e) Hopelessness, (f) Isolation, (g) Psychological Reactance, and (h) Passive Reactance. The relationship between resistance and stage of change, time in treatment, and partner aggression are reported. Results suggest that we look beyond the most common forms of resistance (e.g., denial and victim-blaming) to identify and address other forms of resistance that may be more internally based and difficult to detect. The processes of resistance measure provides a tool for measuring those types of resistance.

Key Words: domestic violence offenders • resistance • stage of change


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